Osip Emilievich Mandelstam - Russian poet of the twentieth century, essayist, translator and literary critic. The poet’s influence on contemporary poetry and the work of subsequent generations is multifaceted; literary critics regularly organize round tables on this subject. Osip Emilievich himself spoke out about his relationship with the literature surrounding him, admitting that he "floats on modern Russian poetry"
Childhood and youth
Osip Mandelstam, born January 3 (15), 1891, in Warsaw in a Jewish family. His father was a successful leather goods merchant, and his mother a piano teacher. Mandelstam’s parents were Jewish, but not very religious. In the homeland of Mandelstam, educators and governesses trained. The child attended the prestigious Tenishev School (1900-07) and then traveled to Paris (1907-08) and Germany (1908-10), where he studied French literature at the University of Heidelberg (1909-10). In the years 1911-17. He studied philosophy at St. Petersburg University, but did not graduate. Mandelstam has been a member of the Guild of Poets since 1911 and personally maintained close ties with Anna Akhmatova and Nikolai Gumilev. His first poems appeared in 1910 in the journal Apollon.
How the poet Mandelstam gained fame thanks to the collection "Stone", which appeared in 1913. Subjects ranged from music to cultural triumphs such as Roman classical architecture and the Byzantine Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. He was followed by "TRISTYA" (1922), which confirmed his position as a poet, and the "poem" 1921-25, (1928). In Tristia, Mandelstam made connections with the classical world and modern Russia, as in Kamen, but among the new topics was the concept of reference. The mood is sad, the poet says goodbye: "I studied the science of speaking well-in" headless sorrows at night."
Mandelstam warmly welcomed the February Revolution of 1917, but at first he was hostile to the October Revolution of 1917. In 1918, he briefly worked at the Ministry of Education of Anatoly Lunacharsky in Moscow. After the revolution, he became very disappointed in modern poetry. The poetry of youth was for him an unceasing cry of a baby, Mayakovsky was childish, and Marina Tsvetaeva was tasteless. He enjoyed reading Pasternak and also admired Akhmatova.
In 1922, Mandelstam married Nadezhda Yakovlevna Khazina, who accompanied him for many years in exile and imprisonment. In the 1920s, Mandelstam earned his living by writing children's books and translating the works of Anton Sinclair, Jules Romain, Charles de Coster and others. He did not compose poems from 1925 to 1930. The importance of preserving the cultural tradition became an end in itself for the poet. The Soviet government doubted its sincere loyalty to the Bolshevik system. To avoid conflicts with powerful enemies, Mandelstam traveled as a journalist to distant provinces. Mandelstam’s trip to Armenia in 1933 was his last major work published during his lifetime.
Arrests and death
Mandelstam was arrested in 1934 for an epigram written by him on Joseph Stalin. Joseph Vissarionych took personal control of this incident and had a telephone conversation with Boris Pasternak. Mandelstam was exiled to Cherdyn. After a suicide attempt that his wife stopped, his sentence was commuted to exile in Voronezh, which ended in 1937. In his notebooks from Voronezh (1935–37), Mandelstam wrote: “He thinks in bones and feels the need and tries to remember his human form, ” in the end, the poet identifies himself with Stalin, with his tormentor, cut off from humanity.
During this period, Mandelstam wrote a poem in which he again gave women the role of mourning and preservation: “Accompanying the resurrected and being the first, greeting the dead is their calling. And it is criminal to demand affection from them. '
The second time Mandelstam was arrested for "counter-revolutionary" activities in May 1938 and sentenced to five years in a labor camp. During interrogation, he admitted that he wrote a counter-revolutionary poem.
In the transit camp, Mandelstam was already so weak that it became clear to him not long. On December 27, 1938, he died in a transit prison and was buried in a common grave.
