Ancient Egypt is not in vain called the "mother of all civilizations." Egypt gave impetus to the development of medicine, military technology, literature, and construction. Many technologies and techniques have not been solved so far, for example, how the great pyramids were built, which have been standing without breaking for millennia.
Previously kingdom
This period is called the "Archaic era", which lasted from 3120 to 2649 BC. At this time, Egypt was divided into two parts - northern and southern, so there were kings with two crowns: one blue, the other red.
Presumably, the first kings, Jer, Semerhet, Kaa, appeared in the middle of Egypt, in the center of the eighth nome (region), in the ancient city of Abydos, which later became the center of veneration of the god of the dead - Osiris. The brightest representative of this era was Jer - the successful conqueror who conquered Nubia.
The Egyptians of this era were very punctual people. Almost daily they took measurements of the water of the Nile River, made their own calendar for the convenience of calculating days, weeks, months, years. They determined the years by events significant for the country.
The army at that time was already, but at an early stage of development. The Egyptians began to keep a chronicle, specially trained people were hired for this, they were called scribes. They kept records on papyrus and clay tablets, as well as on the walls of royal churches and later in the pyramids. In this era, polytheism, that is, polytheism, was actively preached. The construction of the first pyramids was carried out, it was very expensive and required a large amount of human resources.
Middle kingdom
This era is called the "classical", which lasted from 2040 to 1645 BC. The Egyptians actively studied and developed new technologies. For example, the smelting of weapons and tools from bronze, the first chariots appeared, learned to make glass, improved agriculture, and achieved great success in mathematics, medicine, and astronomy. Literature also developed, but, to our great regret, only a few works have survived to our days: "The History of Sinukhet", "Conversation of the Disappointed with His Soul", etc.
In this era, Asian tribes raided the Hyksos, who caused significant damage to the civilization of Egypt. Active construction of the pyramids was carried out. Pharaohs of the Senusert dynasty simplified the construction of their pyramids, using the old materials of previous pyramids and temples. The thousandth army of workers was no longer required, and from this the construction costs decreased significantly.
The most striking pharaoh of this era is Ramses II. He can rightfully be considered a great ruler thanks to his reforms and campaigns in neighboring lands. Thanks to him, the empire expanded and new cities were built on conquered lands.
New kingdom
In this era there was a peak of power of Ancient Egypt. The new kingdom, judging by the ancient chronicles, lasted from 1550 to 1069 BC. The country was a flagship in the Eastern Mediterranean. The Egyptians are mastering new technologies, active foreign trade with other countries is developing, due to this the Egyptian nobility is becoming richer and more powerful, culture and art have begun to develop more actively.
The great construction began. Starting from Pharaoh Tutomos I, more and more pharaohs built truly magnificent tombs in the Valley of the Kings. Huge temples were built in Karnak and Luxor. Art and literature were on the rise and had a variety of genres. The main masterpiece is the Book of the Dead. This book was a tremendous source of information about the development of raftism in ancient Egypt.
