A federal state is a complex state that consists of several state entities called entities. The peculiarity of the federal structure is that the state formations included in the federation can maintain international legal relations with any foreign states and international organizations and have their own state authorities.
The concept of "federal state"
Federated - this is a complex integrated state, consisting of two or more state entities or full-fledged states, which are called subjects of the federation. They do not have a single name and can be named differently in each individual federation. For example, lands, regions, states, cantons, etc.
When combined, all members of the federation form a completely new state, and some of their own power is transferred to the general federal authorities. At the same time, the sovereignty of the elements of the federation is limited.
The separation of powers between the authorities of the federation itself and its subjects is fixed in a special agreement (federal agreement) or in the constitution. It turns out that the federation has two systems of government bodies: the subjects of the federation, which have the right to independently resolve and disassemble the issues that remain in their jurisdiction, as well as the federal ones, whose decisions apply to all members of the federation.
Laws in a federal state are also divided into two types. The first is federal, binding on all entities. The second is the laws of members of the federation, which operate only on the territory of the subject whose bodies they were adopted. It is extremely important that the laws of the subjects are fully consistent with the laws of the federation and not enter into conflict with them and in no way contradict. The highest law in the federation is the constitution, and all other laws are formed on its basis.
The federation is characterized by the presence of a single currency, but dual citizenship, since a citizen of a subject of the federation is also a citizen of the entire federation as a whole.
In a standard and typical federation, all its subjects have the same rights, and are also deprived of the opportunity to independently decide on withdrawal from the union.
