The formation of philosophy is associated with the accumulation and generalization of knowledge about nature, society and thinking. The centuries-old history of the development of this science has given the world many outstanding thinkers. Not all of them created harmonious and comprehensive theories, but each of the philosophers left a noticeable mark in the history of science.
Instruction manual
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One of the first philosophers of antiquity was Aristotle. His interests included physics, logic, politics, psychology and logic. In the field of philosophy, this scientist made an attempt to create a comprehensive doctrine of the principles of the world, to which he attributed matter, its form, causal mechanisms and the purpose of life. Many philosophical principles and concepts, discovered and introduced into science by Aristotle, were used by his later followers.
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The ancient Greek philosopher Plato founded his own school of philosophy. Being a typical representative of the idealistic trend in the science of human wisdom, he sought ways to eliminate the evil and suffering that accompanied human life. Plato urged the rulers to study philosophy, since only the wisdom accumulated by this science allows one to correctly control the destinies of people and rule the state.
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The philosophical views of Heraclitus laid the foundation for the idea that the world is in constant motion. This Greek philosopher has the dictum that it is impossible to enter the same river twice. The philosopher considered the basis of development a harmonious movement of fiery particles.
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The founders of all modern philosophy, historians of science consider the Frenchman Rene Descartes. He carefully studied natural sciences, created analytical geometry, and discovered the coordinate method named after him. Descartes was an adherent of philosophical dualism, defining it as the power of the human mind over the bodily membrane. The strength of humanity, the philosopher believed, is given only by the never-ending power of the mind. Descartes thought thought the basis of existence.
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The philosophical foundation of the idea of freedom was given by the English thinker John Locke. He is rightly considered the founder of the principles of liberalism and humanism, which are the foundation of modern Western society. All people, this philosopher believed, by nature have equal rights before the law. Modern epistemology and social philosophy owe their formation to Locke.
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The foundations of the scientific method adopted in modern science were laid by the English philosopher Francis Bacon. Having abandoned his political career, the scientist completely immersed himself in the study of natural phenomena, which he tried to generalize from the standpoint of philosophical knowledge. Bacon was convinced that philosophy should be separated from theological concepts.
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The German philosopher Immanuel Kant became famous for his work "Critique of Pure Reason." This is one of the most significant philosophical works in which the ideas of cognition have developed. The philosopher made an attempt to combine rational and empirical ways of gaining knowledge about reality surrounding a person. Kant's views formed the basis of classical German philosophy.
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The peak of classical philosophy was the study of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Creatively developing the ideas expressed by his predecessors about the developing world, he founded his own dialectical method. According to Hegel, all phenomena of reality naturally pass through the stages of nucleation, formation and extinction. The harmonious and logically flawless system of Hegelian dialectics, which was based on idealism, subsequently became the foundation of dialectical materialism.
